James Barry (11 October 1741 – 22 February 1806) was a distinguished Irish painter, widely noted for his ambitious and visionary approach to his art. Born in Cork, he displayed talent from a young age, striving to convey noble themes in his paintings, and seeking to raise both public taste and moral awareness through his work. With the backing of eminent supporters, including Edmund Burke, Barry was able to travel throughout Europe, where studying the Old Masters had a profound influence on his artistic perspective.

Barry is most celebrated for his monumental six-canvas series, The Progress of Human Culture, which he executed for the Great Room of the Royal Society of Arts in London. This extensive and ambitious project, which spanned several years, reflected his conviction that art could serve as a force for moral and philosophical advancement. The cycle is regarded as one of the eighteenth century’s most significant decorative painting commissions in Britain.

Unlike many artists of his time, Barry championed artistic autonomy, consistently placing his own convictions above the tastes of patrons or the established art world. This steadfastness sometimes brought him into personal and professional disputes, and he became known for his "notoriously belligerent personality." While he endured criticism during his lifetime, his art and ideals are now recognized as antecedents to British Romanticism.

Beyond his accomplishments as a painter, James Barry exerted a deep influence on later generations of artists, most notably on the visionary poet and painter William Blake. Although his art long remained undervalued, a comprehensive Tate Gallery exhibition in 1983 rejuvenated appreciation for his legacy, establishing his status as one of the leading Irish artists of his time.